Welcome to a fascinating exploration into the depths of history! Today, we’re going to delve into the ancient city of Takshashila, a place shrouded in mystery and grandeur. Although its ruins might appear humble, this city hides a wealth of untold stories and significant historical contributions. In fact, we bet there are some intriguing facts about this age-old city that you’ve never come across before. So, buckle up and get ready for a journey back in time as we reveal six interesting facts about Takshashila that you probably didn’t know. Let’s dive right in!
Takshashila, now known as Taxila, is an important ancient town situated in Pakistan – in the Rawalpindi district of Punjab. Takshashila today is just a shadow of what it was centuries ago. It was the mother of all universities in its time. It wasn’t a real university in today’s sense, but was home to several great teachers.
Takshashila, often referred to as the “cradle of civilization,” bears a history so rich that it continues to astound historians and enthusiasts to this day. Recognized as one of the world’s earliest universities, it was a beacon of knowledge that attracted scholars from far and wide. In this blog post, we’ll be unveiling facts about its unparalleled academic reputation, the legendary figures who once walked its lanes, the city’s architectural marvels, and its role in shaping present-day cultures and societies. So, whether you’re a history aficionado or simply a curious mind, gear up for an enthralling expedition back in time that promises to shed fresh light on the mesmerizing saga of Takshashila. Stay tuned!
History of Takshashila
Boasting a history that dates back to around 1000 BCE, Takshashila is considered one of the earliest urban settlements in South Asia. It’s said that the city existed even before the Vedic era, and references to it can be found in ancient texts like the Mahabharata. According to legend, Takshashila was founded by Bharata, the son of Shakuntala and Dushyanta, and it was named after Bharata’s son, Taksha. Throughout its existence, this ancient city was ruled by several great empires, including the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, the Bactrian Greeks, and the Gupta Empire. Each of these periods left indelible marks on the city’s culture and architecture, echoes of which still resonate through the ruins of Takshashila. Stay tuned, as in our next section, we’ll delve deeper into the city’s most celebrated feature – its pioneering educational institution.
Here are 6 interesting facts about Takshashila that we bet you didn’t know.
1. Takshashila Was Lost in History
For centuries, Takshashila was lost in the annals of history. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the city fell into oblivion, with its existence blurring into legend. It wasn’t until 1834 when British general, Sir Alexander Cunningham, embarked on a quest to find this ancient city. His explorations were fruitful and he successfully rediscovered the ruins of Takshashila, bringing its rich history back to the consciousness of the modern world. Ironically, one of the world’s first major university cities had to be ‘relearned’ and ‘rediscovered’ much like the knowledge it once imparted.
Since Takshashila had great cultural and geographical importance, several rulers laid attacks upon Takshashila – including the Greeks, the Kushanas, and the Persians. Eventually, by the 5th century, the Huna tribe had completely destroyed Takshashila. This ancient town was rediscovered only in the 19th century by an archaeologist, Sir Alexander Cunningham.
2. It’s all in the Name
It is believed that Takshashila derived its name from Taksa, Bharat’s son. Bharat was the brother of Lord Rama from the Ramayana. Takshashila was considered the capital of Taksa’s kingdom. The name ‘Takshashila’ holds a unique place in Indian mythology. It is believed to have been named after Taksha, who was the son of Bharata, the brother of the legendary Rama. ‘Taksha’ stands for ‘cutter’ or ‘chiseler’ and ‘Shila’ means ‘rock’. So, Takshashila literally translates to the ‘Rock of Taksha’. According to Hindu epics, Taksha was a skillful chiseler and he designed this grand city by carving and shaping various rocks. Its name, therefore, stands as a testament to its architectural splendor and the skillful craftsmanship of its ancient inhabitants.
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3. No Fees, No Exams
Perhaps one of the most astounding facts about Takshashila is its unique approach to education. Unlike contemporary educational institutions, Takshashila did not charge tuition fees and there were no formal examinations. Knowledge was freely imparted to all who sought it, and the student’s progress was measured not through tests, but rather through their understanding and application of the knowledge gained. This focus on experiential learning and the free exchange of ideas rather than rigid examination structures is something that truly set Takshashila apart. Such a mode of education, focused on learning through experience and understanding, is a concept that even modern pedagogy continues to strive towards.
Takshashila had no structured syllabus or mode of instruction. Several great teachers taught large numbers of students here. One could attend the classroom of any teacher he wished to learn from. And the teachers could teach any number of students, depending upon their liking. No king or ruler ever tried to interfere in the workings of Takshashila.
The students never had to pay any fees as selling knowledge in exchange for something was generally frowned upon. As a result of this policy, even the poor could learn from great masters if they were capable.
There were no structured examinations or grading systems. The teacher would decide when the student’s education was deemed over. A token ‘gurudakshina’ was accepted at the end of education.
4. Graduates Only
Interestingly, Takshashila had an exclusive admission policy in that it only accepted graduates as students. It was not a place for basic education; instead, it was a higher learning institution where scholars came to further their knowledge. The students were expected to have a firm foundation of knowledge before they could be admitted to Takshashila. It was such a revered institution that only the most dedicated, learned, and promising students were admitted. This ‘graduates only’ policy underscores the high academic standards and the esteem in which the university was held. Even today, this aspect of Takshashila’s legacy serves as a testament to the value it placed on in-depth learning and intellectual rigor.
Takshashila was largely a hub for post-graduate studies. Students had to complete their primary and secondary education elsewhere before being admitted to Takshashila. 16 years was the minimum age requirement. Not only Indians, but students from nearby countries such as China, Greece and Arabia also flocked to this town of learning.
5. Everything Under the Sun
At Takshashila, you could study almost any subject you wanted – be it medicine, surgery, law, hunting, language, music, astrology, philosophy or archery. As many as 68 different streams were offered. Takshashila was not just an institution of higher learning but a veritable melting pot of knowledge where every subject under the sun was taught. From philosophy and medicine to music and warfare, there was no area of study that wasn’t covered at this ancient university. The curriculum was expansive and diverse, embracing all fields of knowledge, which is a testament to the broad outlook and inclusive learning environment that Takshashila fostered. This encompassing approach to education ensured its students were well-rounded, versatile scholars, prepared for any challenge that life could throw at them. It’s an approach to education that continues to resonate today, as we recognize the value of multidisciplinary learning and the importance of understanding different fields of knowledge.
6. Famous Alumni
The cunning Chanakya – counsel to Chandragupta Maurya, the master of Ayurveda – Charaka, writer of the Arthashastra – Kautilya and the great contributor to Sanskrit language – Panini; all associated with Takshashila.
Perhaps one of the most famous alumni to walk the halls of Takshashila was the revered scholar Chanakya. Also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta, Chanakya is widely recognized as one of the greatest political strategists in Indian history. He was the guiding force behind the establishment of the Mauryan Empire, serving as an advisor to its first emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. His magnum opus, the ‘Arthashastra’, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy, continues to be studied and admired today. The fact that such a prominent figure in history was a product of Takshashila further emphasizes the remarkable intellectual environment that this ancient university fostered.
Thus Takshashila in those days enjoyed such status and prestige, that modern universities today only dream of.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Where was the ancient university of Takshashila located?
The ancient university of Takshashila, also known as Taxila, was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Presently, this region falls within the boundaries of modern-day Pakistan, in Rawalpindi District of Punjab. It was a significant center of learning and intellectual discourse in ancient times, with its influence stretching across the vast expanses of the known world.
2. What subjects were taught at Takshashila?
Takshashila offered a broad curriculum encompassing a multitude of subjects. This included diverse fields of study such as Vedic literature, grammar, philosophy, medicine, surgery, archery, politics, warfare, astronomy, accounts, commerce, futurology, music, dance, and a variety of other subjects. Students had the liberty to choose from this vast array of disciplines based on their interests and aspirations. The diversity in the curriculum at Takshashila displays the richness and depth of knowledge that was available during that era, emphasizing the university’s role as a beacon of holistic and comprehensive learning in ancient times.
3. Who is the most famous alumni of Takshashila?
The most renowned alumni of Takshashila is Chanakya, also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta. He was a brilliant political strategist who played a crucial role in the establishment of the Mauryan Empire.
4. What is the ‘Arthashastra’?
The ‘Arthashastra’ is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. It was authored by Chanakya, a famous alumnus of Takshashila.
5. Is Takshashila still operational today?
No, the ancient University of Takshashila is not operational today. However, the site holds significant historical and educational value, and it is often visited by academics and tourists interested in the rich history of education in the Indian subcontinent.
6. Why did Takshashila cease to exist?
Takshashila declined and eventually ceased to exist due to a combination of factors, including political instability, invasions by foreign rulers, and a devastating fire that damaged most of the university’s infrastructure.
7. What is the significance of Takshashila in today’s context?
In today’s context, Takshashila signifies the advanced state of education and intellectual capacity that existed in ancient India. It serves as a symbol of India’s historical and cultural heritage, emphasizing the importance of knowledge and education in society.
8. How old is Takshashila?
Takshashila is believed to have been established around 700 BCE. This makes it one of the oldest known universities in the world, preceding even the famous University of Athens.
9. Did foreign students study at Takshashila?
Yes, historical records suggest that the university attracted students from across the globe, including those from Greece, Persia, and Central Asia. This highlights the global recognition and influence that Takshashila had achieved during its time.
10. What does the name ‘Takshashila’ mean?
‘Takshashila’ translates to “City of Cut Stone” in Sanskrit. The name reflects the richness and sophistication of the region’s architecture and craftsmanship.
Conclusion
Takshashila, often overlooked in the annals of history, was truly a beacon of knowledge and learning in ancient times. Its expansive curriculum, inclusive learning environment, and illustrious alumni like Chanakya underline its important role in shaping intellectual thought and culture. This ancient university’s legacy continues to inspire educational institutions today, reminding us of the enduring value of multidisciplinary learning and intellectual curiosity. As we look back at Takshashila, we not only unearth fascinating aspects of our history but also glean insights that can guide modern education. The story of Takshashila indeed stands as a testament to the profound impact that a dedicated center of learning can have on society and civilization at large.
